Kraków 2015-09-01
New helicopters for the Polish Army.
Tender for helicopters.
There has been talk of the necessity to purchase new helicopters for the Polish Army since 2004, i.e. after signing the contract for 48 F-16 multi-role combat aircraft. At that time, the French side emphasized that it was time to shop in Europe. By implication, come a trade with the US.
In 2007, when Freemasonry and liberals came to power, the matter fell into a drawer, where it remained for several years. It could not do any longer, because the Republic of Poland committed itself to specific actions in 1999, after joining NATO. The tender for helicopters was not opened until March 2012. So what, when individual departments did not agree on the number of these helicopters and their versions. The basis was the replacement of at least one unit of Mi-24 combat helicopters, i.e. a tender for attack helicopters. The signed tender from March 2012 included only 24-26 combat helicopters. In September 2012, this number was increased to 70 machines. It includes rescue and sea rescue helicopters.
Kruk program.
Once again, I would like to remind you that the main objective of the tender, which started in 2012, was to replace the first line of Mi-24 helicopters produced by CCCP. In advance of the facts, Caracal will not replace the Mi-24. Already here, the deception of the Armaments Inspectorate under the influence of Masonic politicians began. For the Polish Army, an important task was the implementation of the program code-named Kruk, i.e. acquiring an attack helicopter for the land forces in place of the Mi-24. All after the experiences gained in Iraq and Afghanistan. WOT (Operational and Technical Requirements) has already been developed, which turned out to be a shoe dog, because the idea of one platform for everyone was created. The Kruk program was reheated every few months. In 2012, it was planned that the machines should be delivered by 2020 at the latest, but after Comrade Putin's annexation of Crimea, assurances were made that the Kruk program would be accelerated. The planned cost of PLN 4 billion when purchasing 32 machines. Attack helicopters are another type of machine that is very different from multi-purpose machines. These are armored, flying fortresses stuffed with electronics for reconnaissance and self-defense on the battlefield. They are heavily armed, primarily with anti-tank missiles. In Europe, the EC 665 Tiger, manufactured by Airbus Helicopters, and the lightest, and also the cheapest in this group, the AW 129 Mangusta, Agusty Westland helicopter are known first of all. According to experts, in the fight for orders for stormtroopers, European companies would face not Sikorsky Aircraft, but the Boeing offer, because this air giant from the USA produces the AH-64 Apacz attack helicopters (11,000 kg), considered to be classic weapons considered to be the most effective weapon for destroying tanks, heavy equipment, conducting reconnaissance and strikes supporting land forces. However, this type of tender has not yet taken place.
Tender for helicopters that do not exist.
It was impossible to agree on the use of the new helicopter in the Ministry of National Defense and the Government. Ultimately, the idea of a multitasking platform was born. Only in October 2012, the Ministry of National Defense invited producers to submit offers. It turned out to be difficult for producers, because no detailed TDF (Operational and Technical Requirements) were presented. When they were specified, it was impossible to keep them because they were changed every now and then. The Polish side not only changed the WTT (Tactical and Technical Conditions) 11 times, it also increased the number of possible units several times, from 26 to 70 machines.
The significance of this and subsequent tenders is evidenced by the expected amount of expenditure on the modernization of the Polish Army, which was set at USD 130 billion, spent in 2013-2022. The helicopter tender itself was worth PLN 13 billion, and with retrofitting and servicing, PLN 35 billion. It was the amount at least twice as high as for the tender for the Multipurpose Combat Aircraft (F-16).
It is worth mentioning that the Polish PZL W-3 Sokół helicopters and its development versions were completely removed from the possibility of purchasing, in line with the slogan of the rulers - "Not good because Polish".
Initially, the government implied that the favorite is the Yankee Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation, which owns the plants in Mielec. A little later, the newest construction of the Italian-British Agusta Westland WSK Świdnik joined, offering a highly modernized version of the Italian AW139M helicopter, under the designation AW149. It is no longer a Polish construction, but it was created in cooperation with engineers in Świdnik. Everyone was happy because it was going to be an interesting technical duel, without any political undertones or illegal actions. There was a chance to obtain a good product for the Polish Army. When Caracal came out, it seemed doomed to fail as the company doesn't even have an assembly plant in Poland. The offered model was outdated and the owner did not plan its further development. The only advantage over competitors was the size of the machine.
Later it got worse. There were unverified news from military and presidential circles that AW149 is not suitable for the army, because the company has no military experience (!?). Later, the slogan "Not good because Polish" dominated, which also began to apply to Mielec.
The prices of the offered helicopters were interesting at that time; Black Hawk - $ 14 miles, AW 149 - $ 13 miles, Caracal - $ 55 miles.
2014 year.
Initially, the Polish side gave the impression that this topic was not a priority, which was surprising given our involvement in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, not counting other stabilization missions. Suddenly, allegedly due to Comrade Putin's (Russia) annexation of Crimea in March 2014, the topic gained momentum. Representatives of the Government and the Ministry of National Defense made statements - "The matter is becoming urgent in the face of the situation in eastern Ukraine, where the effectiveness of actions was determined by the possibility of relocating armed forces." It was agreed that the tender would be resolved by 30/06/2014. Then the date was postponed to September 30, 2014, then to November 30, 2014, and then to December 31, 2014. The deadlines were not met, which did not surprise anyone with such a masonic-liberal government of the Republic of Poland.
In autumn 2014, the president of the PIS (Law and Justice party) Jarosław Kaczyński, while in Rzeszów, gave a speech which clearly showed that the government wanted to destroy the "Aviation Valley" (an association of aviation entrepreneurs in Podkarpacie). - "The aviation valley is losing a great opportunity, because it is an order for many billions of zlotys." he said. Wprost stated that "everything indicates that the tender for helicopters has been set up". Let us add that it was hot at every session of the parliamentary defense committee. The reluctance of the members of the Civic Platform and the Polish People's Party to Polish initiatives was enormous. These people acted as if they were receiving payments from foreign countries and not serving the Polish nation.
October 30, 2014.
In the fall of 2014, Sikorsky had serious doubts about withdrawing from the tender, as the conditions created strongly preferred Airbus. The president of the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation (SAC) consortium, Mick Maurer, addressed a letter to representatives of Polish authorities, including President Bronisław Komorowski. In it, he announced that Sikorsky did not intend to submit a bid unless the current bidding requirements changed. According to Mick Maurer, the technical, legal and economic conditions presented by the Ministry of National Defense prevent his company from participating in the tender procedure. The president of Sikorsky judged that only one of the participants could meet the terms of the procedure. He stressed that the absence of the Black Hawk helicopter under construction in Poland in the Polish tender will send a strong and negative signal to the global market. The letter did not go unanswered. It became a pretext for accusations of putting pressure on the Polish government. "That Poland will buy what it needs, not what the companies have to sell." And the Yankees had to explain themselves, stating that the letter was only for information, to make the situation clear. However, Minister Tomasz Siemoniak faced a huge dilemma, as he realized that there is no such helicopter in the world that would meet the WTT presented.
One more note here. In the Polish-language media, Airbus is referred to as French, apart from the fact that there are two main shareholders: Germanic and French. The remaining shareholders only own a few percent of the shares. In Polish society, Germanic people will always have negative associations. Our relations at the moment are not hostile, but friendship is very far from being. "As the world is the world, a German will never be a Pole's brother."
December 2, 2014.
In the middle of the month, Tomasz Siemoniak, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of National Defense, informed that the Ministry of National Defense had postponed the deadline for submitting offers. Three companies participating in the tender for the purchase of 70 helicopters worth PLN 10-12 billion will have until the end of 2014, and not the end of November 2014.
The aviation industry section of NSZZ "Solidarność" already then asked President Bronisław Komorowski to supervise the tender. According to trade unionists, jobs that already exist should be maintained, and not rely on the assurance that the third competitor - French Airbus Helicopters - will buy WZL No. 1 in Łódź and employ several hundred people in them. This also puts the president in a difficult position, because it was Bronisław Komorowski who, during his visit to Paris two years ago (2012), encouraged the French to get involved in the Polish helicopter tender and to invest in the Polish Armaments Industry. As it turned out later, he lobbied until the fall.
2015 year.
At the beginning of January 2015, it was already known that the tender was very bad. More and more questions and doubts, less and less answers. It was to be the largest tender in the world in this decade, worth up to PLN 15 billion, which is three times more than the purchase of the F-16 Jastrząb. Even Adam Michnik's newspaper, favoring the government, suggested that the tender would end in a political scandal.
Airbus Helicopters assured that in the event of a win, it would launch an appropriate production line in Poland. Polish-language media remained silent - Production lines only for main rotor blades and simple assembly of the entire helicopter. At the beginning of April 2015, a representative of the National Council of the Aviation Industry Section of NSZZ "Solidarność" withdrew from the tender committee as a sign of protest. It was already said then that the French were to win in exchange for President Hollande's support for the candidacy of Donald Tusk for the president of the European Council.
Talks with representatives of the Italian side (including the former head of the Italian Ministry of Defense Robert Pinotti) and the Yankee side (including the US ambassador to Poland) were conducted almost continuously. Perhaps for this reason, in spring 2015, the Polish side announced that, in addition to 70 multi-role helicopters, it will order 30 attack helicopters to replace the old Mi-24 helicopters. According to the Ministry of National Defense, it was supposed to be another, different tender, giving the losers hope to win in another competition. So the Kruk program warmed up.
April 21, 2015. Official announcement of the tender results.
It is significant that no comparative tests were made for all the helicopters participating in the tender in Poland. If Kowalski buys a new car, he visits showrooms and drives different models for comparison, because he wants to know which one suits him best. And here we spend so much money and we do not want to compare the products in real life.
On April 21, 2015, President Bronisław Komorowski announced that the government decided to allow the Eurocopter EC725 Caracal helicopter manufactured by Airbus to be tested in Poland. He immediately assured that Poles can feel calm about jobs, because the French "have industrial plants in Poland". This, of course, is another lie of the anti-national President. Airbus Helicopters, unlike the other two bidders, did not have any helicopter production plant in Poland.
The decision was announced by the President, not the Prime Minister Ewa Kopacz, which means that President Bronisław Komorowski is the godfather of this tender. At the same time, the Ministry of National Defense attacked the PZL Mielec and PZL Świdnik plants. Minister Tomasz Siemoniak did not allow himself to think that only PZL Świdnik in the entire Central and Eastern Europe and as the sixth company in the world has the ability to design, manufacture and service helicopters. After losing the tender, PZL Mielec will be slowly phased out, and the existing production will be transferred to Turkey, where there are better legal conditions for entrepreneurs. Already in August 2015, as a result of an audit of independent world experts, it turned out that in terms of management, the Republic of Poland is only on the 110th place.
Elsewhere, Bronisław Komorowski stated that - “This is not the time to buy worse equipment, but ours. What kind of company is it that makes its existence dependent on one tender? It's not a company. " This is how the president "advertised" the helicopters built in Poland. If anyone feels surprised by the attitude of President Bronisław Komorowski, let him consider that he is very close to the arrangements of the former WSI and the spies.
According to the official announcement of the tender committee - "bids submitted by WSK PZL Świdnik S.A. and the consortium of Sikorsky International Operations Incorporation and Sikorsky Aircraft Corporations together with Polskie Zakłady Lotnicze Sp. z o. o. from Mielec did not meet the formal requirements and technical requirements regarding, inter alia, the delivery date, equipping helicopters with combat systems, establishing serviceability in WZL-1 Łódź. "
At that time, we learned that there were supposed to be 70 pieces for PLN 9 billion. Now there were 50 pieces for as much as 13 billion. The tender involved the purchase of seventy helicopters. However, a decision was made to reduce their number to 50. The specialized versions of helicopters obtained under this procedure will fully ensure the achievement of new and expansion of the already existing operational capabilities. According to the tender, we were to pay PLN 220-250 million for one Caracal helicopter! While Black Hawk with optimal equipment costs PLN 150 million, and the basic version can be purchased for PLN 100 million. The contract stipulates that 25 of them will fly to Poland from France, and the rest will be built after the construction of the new plant, which will last at least 3 years, and the delay has already been two years. How did it go to the allegedly quick retooling of the Polish Army? The construction of the assembly plant in Łódź at WZL No. 1 appeared like a rabbit out of a hat. It was supposed to be not only an assembly plant, but also a service center. Until August 2015, there was even no project and no plans for the plant. Not to mention the building permit.
After the announcement of the official results, Sikorsky and Agusta-Westland made it clear that their defeat would have consequences (implicitly negative) for Świdnik and Mielec. PZL Świdnik employs 3.1 thousand people. employees, PZL Mielec employs approx. 2.3 thousand. people. Both companies are dependent on purchases for the Polish Army (these are parts for PZL M-28 planes and PZL W-3 Sokół helicopters).
The arguments of Caracal supporters are interesting:
Why didn't Sikorsky offer the S-92 helicopter? The S-70I is too small. The UH-60 Black Hawk is a great combat helicopter, but with the S-70I it only has a common fuselage. The AW149 is not proven in battle, has a too low maximum ceiling and is too small. In a word, a helicopter is good for VIP trips, not to fly in the heat of battle. Only Caracal meets the requirements. Only Caracal will be delivered on time - 2017, the others offered the machines two years later. When it comes to the parameters of the machine itself, Caracal beats its competitors on all levels. Provides sufficient crew compartment cover and firepower. "
But why was Caracal shot down from a kbkAK rifle?
Mr. Tomasz Siemoniak stated that the Caracal helicopter was the largest, and therefore most suited to the needs of the army. At the same time, he was kind to understand that he regretted that the Sikorsky (PZL Mielec) and AugustaWestland (PZL Świdnik) companies did not offer larger helicopters, although they do have them. Hypocrisy squared. Why? Because the Ministry of Defense required a helicopter with a total weight of up to 11,000 kg (see WTT). And the larger helicopters weigh more than 11 tons. So, the cries of the Ministry of National Defense were a farce.
May 2015.
In May 2015, the Airbus Helicopters H225M Caracal helicopter was tested at the 33rd Transport Aviation Base in Powidz. The tested machine was the H225M offered by Airbus Helicopters, formerly known as the Eurocopter EC725 Caracal. I will point out immediately that this is a base where no helicopters are based. Why were the tests not carried out in Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Pruszcz Gdański or Babie Doły? These are the bases where helicopters are used on a daily basis and where the H225M Caracal will be delivered.
The second issue is the instant time in which the tests were performed - less than two weeks, 10 days. The plans were to last a month. According to representatives of the Ministry of National Defense, the time was short because the weather was good. The helicopter has never flown in rain or stronger winds.
Most importantly - the test results are classified.
– “During the tests, we checked 32 parameters, critical for the armed forces due to the operational use of these helicopters. We have verified parameters such as altitude, flight endurance, flight speed, tactical radius, transport capabilities, and the ability to control the helicopter while hovering. In addition, during the ground checks, we compared those elements of the helicopter that are important from the point of view of its operation, "says Col. Adam Marciniak, chairman of the verification group of the EC-725 Caracal helicopter from the Armament Inspectorate, in an interview with the Newseria agency.
August 2015.
In August 2015, the tender issue returned to the front pages of newspapers, thanks to the publication of the Wprost newspaper, the article "Who grounded the helicopters". The article stated that - "The Ministry of National Defense may have falsified the result of the tender for helicopters for the Polish army." The newspaper also said that officials are also to delay starting offset talks with the French from Airbus Helicopters so that the case can be finalized by the new government after the fall elections. The head of the Ministry of National Defense, Tomasz Siemoniak, reacted immediately on Twitter. "Are you kidding in the heat?" He reiterated that he gave detailed explanations for all doubts. In a special announcement, the Ministry of National Defense announced that it would demand a correction from the editorial office of the Wprost newspaper, and in a civil lawsuit - it would take a lawsuit against the authors of the publication for the protection of personal rights. Minister Tomasz Siemoniak was answering dozens of questions on Twitter until the late night (10/08/2015). The minister must have cursed the decision to set up a Twitter account. Internet users kept asking him questions about the decisions made to allow the French Caracal helicopter for further tests. Jarosław Gowin, his former colleague from the party and the government, dealt an unexpected blow to the head of the Ministry of National Defense. The politician directly accused the deputy prime minister that the tender could have been conducted unfairly.
A question arises: why is Ewa Kopacz's government delaying the conclusion of the tender for helicopters? The Polish Right suspects that numerous irregularities are to be blamed on the next government. According to the words of the Prime Minister, offset talks are underway, so the tender is not completed. It should be signed in autumn 2015.
Let's summarize the current state of affairs, it looks like another scandal with the Civic Platform in the lead role. After the gambling, marshal, tape, forest, shipyard, stadium, highway, this time we have a helicopter. Airbus Helicopters (formerly EADS) sponsored SunriseArt's marketing campaign, owned by Łukasz Zakrzewski. His mother (this is not a coincidence) is Jadwiga Zakrzewska (MP from PO), an old and well-liked friend of Bronisław Komorowski. His deputy in the Ministry of National Defense put him in touch with a WSI spy - Col. Leszek Tobiasz, from whom, as we know, the famous marshal scandal broke out and Bronisław Komorowski's attempt to buy a WSI verification report. We all know the rest of the story. Leszek Tobiasz felt bad while dancing, he had a cerebral hemorrhage. Like all conspiracy theories, unexplained deaths and suicides. This accident also happened on Saturday. Colonel Leszek Tobiasz was a neighbor (another case) of Jadwiga Zakrzewska, hence he had excellent access to Bronisław Komorowski and the possibility of lobbying in the Caracala tender. In 2012, the SunriseArt agency organized a social campaign under the patronage of Bronisław Komorowski Rock Niepodległości, which was aimed at "promoting joyful, uniting society, apolitical attitudes of positive patriotism".
However, perhaps the crux of the matter was that the French Airbus participating in the tender were to be guaranteed victory in exchange for President Hollande's support for Tusk's candidacy for president of the European Council.
Let us recall that the Sikorsky company bought PZL Mielec only to build the skeletons of helicopter cabins. However, it turned out that the potential and quality of the products were so good that the Yanks decided that Mielec would make finished products, and it happened. PZL Świdnik was bought by Italians in 2010, after many fruitful years of cooperation, and when the Polish government was selling everything for nothing, they bought all the shares. The Italians counted on participation in the possible rearming of the Polish Army. In a word, in Poland we have two powerful aviation companies, though owned by foreigners.
This raises a question related to the statement by Airbus that they will build a helicopter factory in Łódź. The question is - What is Poland's interest to build a new assembly plant with the dismissal of at least 500 workers from Mielec and Świdnik?
What helicopter for the Polish Army?
The basis of the tender was the conviction that for savings you should buy one platform to replace the three helicopters used so far: Mi-8, Mi-14, Mi-17. In addition, new helicopters should carry out SAR missions over water and fight submarines. Such a combination turned out to be almost impossible, because there is no such helicopter in the world. Sikorsky has a different helicopter for offshore operations: the Sea Hawk. You can even force a special version of the French EC725 Caracal helicopter. Our military helicopter immediately liked it, because it can take 28 soldiers on board, and the competition is much less. But the Mi-8 also does not carry 28 soldiers. Perhaps you should have looked at the Mi-26? The largest cargo ship in the world. It was ironic.
A bit about WTT.
The basic requirement was the total weight of the helicopter determined at 11,000 kg. Why 11,000 kg, when the total weight of the Mi-8 is over 12,000 kg, and the Mi-17 is 13,000 kg. How did this relate to the increased tasks of such a platform? One of the bizarre requirements of the WTT is the necessity for the helicopter to have a foldable tail boom. For what? No helicopter used in Poland has such a possibility. In addition, none of the models competing in the tender has this option. Foldable tailbars are used in ship-based helicopters. Poland does not have such a large ship on which such large helicopters would be based.
Thermal imaging camera. This device guides the weapon to the target. The parameters given in the tender specification do not exist in the cameras available in any of the NATO countries. Caracal is also absent.
Cockpit. The helicopter is to provide a constant temperature in the pilot's cabin, regardless of the altitude and climatic conditions. According to experts, it is impossible.
Change of equipment. The helicopter should be able to replace its equipment within an hour so that it can perform various tasks. According to experts, with the current technology, such requirements cannot be met and cannot be guaranteed by the French offer.
Eurocopter EC725 Caracal.
The Eurocopter EC725 Caracal is a development of the Eurocopter AS532 Cougar design. The prototype flew for the first time on November 27, 2000, in the town of Marignane. It has been produced since February 2005. The first six copies were delivered to the French army in February 2005. In addition to this, Brazil (50 for the Air Force, 16 for the Navy and 16 for the Army) and Malaysia (12 for the Navy, which are to replace the obsolete Sea King helicopters) have so far placed orders. This model is outdated and the company has no plans to develop it further.
All tests show that the Caracal helicopter is technically inferior to the AW149 and the famous Black Hawk (Sikorsky) used on all battle fronts by the USA. This explains the lack of comparative tests of all machines participating in the competition and the classification of the results of the tests carried out in Powidz. The design of Caracal dates back to the 60's, which still does not cancel it out. These helicopters were practically not tested in any major military operation, unlike the equipment of Sikorski and Augusta. In 2012, Caracal failed NATO's homing and passive missile defense compliance tests. The Caracal technical tests, which took place in May 2015, have been classified, although their specification is widely known. It is probably about hiding the flaws and worse parameters compared to the S-70i Black Hawk. In terms of usefulness, the Caracal is even inferior to the Mi-8, because what if it takes 28 soldiers with equipment, since there is no rear loading rap. Anyway, the ramp does not have any helicopter offered to Poland. The point is that 28 soldiers will arrive on the battlefield without the support of heavier equipment, so this is a small profit.
Basic data: EC725 Caracal dimensions: 19.5 m long, 4.60 m high, reaches a speed of 324 km / h, has a range of 857 kilometers and an attainable ceiling of 6,095 m. It takes 28 people on board. The helicopter is equipped with 2 FN MAG machine guns placed on both sides of the helicopter, 2 68 mm missile launchers, 2 GIAT 20 mm cannons, EWR-99 FRUIT RWR radar warning system and Alkan ELIPS flare / dipole launcher.
Sikorsky Aircraft Co.
Sikorsky Aircraft Co., which has plants in Mielec and offered the N-70i helicopter, i.e. the modernized Black Hawk. It is an excellent and proven military helicopter with the correct parameters. This is a battlefield classic. Still good equipment, the combat capabilities of which are enormous.
Agusta Westland.
Agusta Westland, owner of PZL Świdnik, producer of AW149.
Before I go to the AW 149 helicopter, a few words about WSK Świdnik, which was the producer of the Polish PZL W-3 Sokół helicopters and their development versions. This construction was completely rejected by the Ministry of National Defense when Bronisław Komorowski was the minister. Only the construction of a few machines for VIP transport was accepted, after the Mi-8 accident, in which the then leftist prime minister Leszek Miller suffered. The Ministry of National Defense started to encourage the plants in Świdnik to produce a new helicopter in Poland and its polonization. The result of these activities was the AW 149. It is no longer a Polish structure, but was created in cooperation with engineers in Świdnik. AW149 demonstrates innovative technical solutions. This is a machine from a new era. Fully digital avionics architecture. Most importantly, it is cheaper than the one produced by PZL Mielec Black Hawk, which belongs to the Yankees. Importantly, Agusta provides the entirety of production in Poland, as well as the creation of a production center for this machine here for other markets. Plus service.
Finally, something to cry - Anecdote.
At the end, I will present an anecdote that I have heard, which will explain what is going on here.
In the Nepotism poviat, the mayor, Mr. Ewa Burak, decided to equip seven of his ministries with new cars. At the same time, he emphasized that these were to be cars purchased from dealers who have their showrooms in the poviat. He also emphasized that cars are to be universal. On Monday, they will be delivering segregated rubbish. Catering to schools on Tuesday. On Wednesday, the children go to the swimming pool. A traveling library on Thursday. On Friday, a music band to play at the fire station. On Saturday, supplies to the buffet. And on Sunday, foreign tourists. The mayor also set the weight of the car at 900 kg. Nobody knows why the cars were supposed to have a folding rear bumper. In the budget, the mayor has secured the amount of PLN 224,000 for this purpose.
There are only two dealership companies operating in the Nepotyzm poviat; Chevrolet and Fiat. They quickly calculated that the amount of 224,000 for seven cars is PLN 32,000 per car. Chevrolet offered the Spark and Fiat offered the Panda.
After the announcement of the decision, everyone was surprised and the dealers were shocked. The mayor, Mr. Ewa Burak, bought two Renault Espace cars for PLN 300,000. To the statement that there is no Renault dealer in the poviat, he replied - In the neighboring poviat of Agentura there is a dealer who promised to open a small service branch in 30 years, where they would patch mufflers and bicycle tubes. When asked what with the missing amount, he replied - that he had advantageously sold to a German 100 hectares of arable land for a garbage dump and there would be two new jobs for night cuts. At the same time, the mayor had a grudge against the local dealers for not offering the Chevrolet Corvetta and Fiat Freemont.
Written by Karol Placha Hetman