Warszawa 2015-11-15
Boeing 787-8. 2015r.
320a Section 15.11.2012 year.
Construction B.787-8 Dreamliner.
Boeing B.787 is a commercial aircraft adapted to carry about 300 passengers over long distances. The B.787 is the world's first aircraft to be built primarily of composites. The Boeing B.787 is a wide-body, medium-sized, long-haul airliner. It was designed in a classic layout with two drive motors. Despite this, it is aerodynamically ahead of previous aircraft designs.
Built of composites. The aircraft is 80% by volume made of composite. By weight, however; 50% composites, 20% aluminum (aluminum), 15% titanium, 10% steel and 5% others. Aluminum was mainly used in the wings and tail sections. Titanium in engines. Most of the fasteners connecting the airframe are made of titanium and steel.
The aircraft has a new philosophy of internal layouts. It is based on electric systems. Even braking the wheels, starting the engines and removing ice from the airframe is electric. Hydraulic and pneumatic systems have been minimized or even eliminated. The plane consumes at least 20% less fuel than the classic design, which allows it to reach great distances. For the B.787-9 version, there is talk of even 16,300 km. Of course with a full set of passengers.
The wings are made of composite (80%) and aluminum (20%). The angle of attack of the wings is 32.2 degrees. Area 325 square meters. The span is 60.00 m. The wings have a much higher lift than previously developed aircraft. One of the advantages of this solution is the significant distance of the wing tips from the ground, which reduces the possibility of damage, for example when approaching to land in strong winds.
Standard wing equipped with; ailerons, wing flaps (2-segment), leading edge flaps (slots, 5-segment), interrupters (spoilers, 6-segment). At the ends of the lobes there are no such popular current elements called winglets. The wingtips are designed to also generate lift, but without creating eddy currents.
The shape of the wing is very well studied. Based on multifaceted arches. In the past, such wing aerodynamics would have been unacceptable due to air slippage along the wing. But currently (2005) the computer-developed aerodynamics uses these properties. The wing puts less resistance, while maintaining high lift. Removal of ice from the leading edge of the wings and tail is carried out by electric heating mats.
The fuselage of the aircraft was technologically made of three elements. Anterior, middle, caudal. The front element contains the crew compartment (cockpit) and part of the passenger compartment. The central part is a single element similar to a cylinder, but the cross-section is not perfectly circular. The tail part is similar in shape to a truncated cone. In the upper part there are nodes for attaching the vertical tail. The fuselage ends the horizontal tail together with the tip cone in which the APU was placed.
Fuselage Dimensions - Width: 18 ft 11 in (5.77 m) / Height: 19 ft 7 in (5.97 m). Maximum cab width 18 feet (5.49 m). The interior of the cab is approximately 18 feet (550 cm) wide at its widest point. The fuselage is larger than initially planned by 1 inch (2.5 cm). This result is 15 inches (38 cm) better than the A 330 and A 340. However, it is 5 inches (13 cm) less than the A 350 and 16 inches (41 cm) less than the B 777.
Lower deck load capacity; 4,822 cu ft (137 m3), 28 x LD3, or 9x (88x125) Pallets, or 8x (96x125) Pallets + 2x LD3.
The cockpit.
The glass cockpit was developed by Honeywell International. The cockpit is equipped with multifunctional LCD monitors (displays) with a large diagonal. These are monitors that will be used as standard in industry. Interestingly, there are 4 monitors on the main board, and not 5 like in other planes. There is no center monitor in the B 787. Only an emergency artificial horizon was placed in the middle. The fifth monitor was placed on the horizontal panel between the pilots. This monitor is mainly used for mission planning.
The aircraft is equipped with a head-up display (HUD), which is already common in civil aviation. The translucent indicator also shows the view from the thermal imaging camera. This allows pilots to see through clouds and fog. This system is already used on Lockheed Martin Orion aircraft.
For the B 787, Honeywell and Rockwell Collins developed the flight control system, guidance system, dual HUD and other avionics systems. Power Conversion developed the electrical installation.
The glazing of the cockpit shape is not futuristic, but it is definitely very modern. The glass in the windows is not flat, but fits exactly into the shape of the hull. Which significantly improves the aerodynamic flow of the aircraft. Besides, there are only 4 windows. Most passenger planes have 6 windows in the cockpit. The glazing area is very large, which ensures excellent visibility. The windows in the B 787 do not open, so an emergency exit in the form of a hatch was placed above the co-pilot's seat, similar to military aircraft. It is through this hatch that the pilots display the flags seen in many photos.
Passenger cabin.
B 787-8 is normally intended for; 234 passengers in a three-class layout, 240 passengers in a two-class layout, 296 passengers in a single-class layout and maximum density. In the upper classes, the seating arrangement can be 1-2-1, 2-2-2. The distances between the seats (rooms) can vary from 46 to 61 inches (120 to 150 cm). In business class, the spacing can be 36 to 39 inches (91 to 99 cm). In economy class there can be layouts 3-2-3, 2-4-2, 3-3-3. Seat spacing is 32 to 34 inches (81 to 86 cm). Cab configuration options are very large.
LOT Polish Airlines chose a three-class system; 18-seater premium (with fully reclining seats), 21-seater premium economy (semi-reclining), 213-seat economy class. Total 252 seats.
Kitchens with rich equipment were installed on board. There are several toilets on board. Toilets for people with disabilities can also be installed in airplanes. In the rear and front of the hull there are compartments for crew rest and sleep.
The cabin windows have the largest area of any commercial aircraft. They measure 10.7 x 18.4 inches (27 x 47 cm). Thanks to this, the views through the windows are nicer. The windows have no blinds. Instead, photo-electronic dimming is used, by pressing a button. Simply, the windows are made of an electro-chromic material that becomes opaque under the influence of an electrical impulse.
The lighting of the cabin allows for smooth adjustment of both the strength and the color of the light. The lighting is based on LED lamps consisting of three diodes. Thanks to this, it is possible to select the glow in the cabin to simulate the time of day and night. It brightens when meals are served and dims to maintain the rest time. This is important on intercontinental flights, where when changing time zones it is difficult for passengers to get used to, for example, a night lasting only 4 hours. Throw in a more spacious cabin, and it turns out that all these changes simply mean that the Dreamliner is much, much more comfortable.
The internal pressure of the B 787 cabin increases as in any commercial aircraft. But in B 787 these values are larger. At cruising altitude, the pressure is maintained at 1,800 m instead of 2,400 m. In addition, the cabin humidity is kept higher. It can amount to 15% compared to 4% in previous designs. Thanks to this, most passengers will not experience dry eyes and mucous membranes. Air humidity is set by the crew depending on the number of passengers. The air conditioning is driven by an electric motor, not a traditional drive motor. This eliminates the need to cool the air which is much warmer from the drive engine. The air conditioning has HEPA filters, active filters (eliminating irritating and harmful odors). Ozone is also removed from the outside air.
The luxury of travel is also increased by the active gust (turbulence) mitigation system, similar to the system used in the B-2 bombers.
The aircraft's tail system and structure do not differ from those used so far, but the technologies used make it light and effective.
The B 787-8 has a typical undercarriage layout with a 2x4x4 wheel arrangement. The main landing gear is typical 4-wheel bogies. Electric brakes are modern.
Engines.
Users can choose from two engine manufacturers: Rolls-Royce (Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 engine, 2 x 320 kN) or General Electric (General Electric GEnx engine, 2 x 280 kN). Importantly, the motors have unified hangers and all connectors. Therefore, it is possible to replace General Electric GEnx engines with Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 engines and vice versa at every service.
Boeing B-787-8 T-T data:
Span 197 ft 0 in (60.0 m). Length 186 ft (56.7 m). Height 55 ft 6 in (16.9 m). Bearing area 325 m2. Curb weight 110,000 kg. Total weight 200,000 kg. Maximum weight 215,910 kg. Fuel 124,000 - 126,920 liters depending on the variety. Maximum speed Ma-0.89. Maximum range 15,700 kg. Maximum ceiling 43,000 ft.
Maximum take-off weight 228,000 kg. Maximum landing weight 172,000 kg. Cruising speed Ma-0.85 (567 mph, 490 knots, 913 km/h at 35,000 ft/10,700 m). Top speed Ma-0.89 (593 mph, 515 knots, 954 km/h at 35,000 ft/10,700 m). Range, fully loaded 7,650–8,200 nmi (14,200–15,200 km; 8,800–9,440 mi). Takeoff length 10,300 ft (3,100 m). High Thrust Rating: 8,300 ft (2,500 m). Fuel 33,528 US gal (126,920 litres).
Boeing B-787-9 T-T data:
Span 197 ft 0 in (60.0 m). Length 206 ft (62.8 m). Height 55 ft 6 in (16.9 m). Bearing area 325 m2. Curb weight 124,000 kg. Gross weight 230,000 kg. Maximum weight 244,940 kg. Fuel 138,000 liters. Maximum speed Ma-0.88. Maximum range 16,300 kg. Maximum ceiling 43,000 ft.
Written by Karol Placha Hetman